On Experiments with Gibberellic Acid Which Stimulates the Growth of Plants

by C. L. Stong
December, 1958


  On Experiments with Gibberellic Acid Which Stimulates the Growth of Plants.pdf (Size: 4.92 MB / Downloads: 4)

the Hilsch tube ( hot and cold from air )

   

SHORTLY AFTER THE END OF World War II word came to the U. S. that the Germans had developed a remarkably simple device with which one could reach temperatures as low as the freezing point of mercury. The device, which was said to consist only of an air compressor and three pipes, immediately attracted the interest of amateurs who had dreamed of performing experiments requiring moderately low temperatures. The details of construction were not available, but it was reported that the device had in effect realized "Maxwell's demon," a fanciful means of separating heat from cold without work.
Among those intrigued by the demon's alleged capture was George O. Smith of Highlands, N.J. Smith writes: "The 19th century British physicist James Clerk Maxwell made many deep contributions to physics, and among the most significant was his law of random distribution. Considering the case of a closed box containing a gas, Maxwell started off by saying that the temperature of the gas was due to the motion of the individual gas molecules within the box. But since the box was standing still, it stood to reason that the summation of the velocity and direction of the individual gas molecules must come to zero. In essence Maxwell's law of random distribution says that for every gas molecule headed east at 20 miles per hour, there must be another headed west at the same speed. Furthermore, if the heat of the gas indicates that the average velocity of the molecules is 20 miles per hour, the number of molecules moving slower than this speed must be equaled by the number of molecules moving faster.
"After a serious analysis of the consequences of his law, Maxwell permitted himself a touch of humor. He suggested that there was a statistical probability that, at some time in the future, all the molecules in a box of gas or a glass of hot water might be moving in the same direction. This would cause the water to rise out of the glass. Next Maxwell suggested that a system of drawing both hot and cold water out of a single pipe might be devised if we could capture a small demon and train him to open and close a tiny valve. The demon would open the valve only when a fast molecule approached it, and close the valve against slow molecules. The water coming out of the valve would thus be hot. To produce a stream of cold water the demon would open the valve only for slow molecules.
"Maxwell's demon would circumvent the law of thermodynamics which says in essence: 'You can't get something for nothing. 'That is to say, one cannot separate cold water from hot without doing work. Thus when physicists heard that the Germans had developed a device which could achieve low temperatures by utilizing Maxwell's demon, they were intrigued, though obviously skeptical. One physicist, Robert M. Milton, investigated the matter at first hand for the U. S. Navy.
"Milton discovered that the device was most ingenious, though not quite as miraculous as had been rumored. It consists of a T-shaped assembly of pipe joined by a novel fitting, as depicted in the accompanying illustration [left]. When compressed air is admitted to the 'leg' of the T, hot air comes out of one arm of the T and cold air out of the other arm! Obviously, however, work must be done to compress the air.
"The origin of the device is obscure. The principle is said to have been discovered by a Frenchman who left some early experimental models in the path of the German Army when France was occupied. These were turned over to a German physicist named Rudolf Hilsch, who was working on low temperature refrigerating devices for the German war effort. Hilsch made some improvements on the Frenchman's design, but found that it was no more efficient than conventional methods of refrigeration in achieving fairly low temperatures. Subsequently the device became known as the Hilsch tube.
"The Hilsch tube in the illustration is constructed as follows. The horizontal arm of the T-shaped fitting contains a specially machined piece, the outside of which fits inside the arm. The inside of the piece, however, has a cross section which is spiral with respect to the outside. In the 'step' of the spiral is a small opening which is connected to the leg of the T. Thus air admitted to the leg comes out of the opening and spins around the one-turn spiral. The 'hot' pipe is about 14 inches long and has an inside diameter of half an inch. The far end of this pipe is fitted with a stopcock which can be used to control the pressure in the system. The 'cold' pipe is about four inches long and also has an inside diameter of half an inch. The end of the pipe which butts up against the spiral piece is fitted with a washer, the central hole of which is about a quarter of an inch in diameter. Washers with larger or smaller holes can also be inserted to adjust the system.
"Three factors determine the performance of the Hilsch tube: the setting of the stopcock, the pressure at which air is admitted to the nozzle, and the size of the hole in the washer. For each value of air pressure and washer opening there is a setting of the stopcock which results in a maximum difference in the temperature of the hot and cold pipes. When the device is properly adjusted, the hot pipe will deliver air at about 100 degrees Fahrenheit and the cold pipe air at about -70 degrees (a temperature substantially below the freezing point of mercury and approaching that of 'dry ice'). When the tube is adjusted for maximum temperature on the hot side, air is delivered at about 350 degrees F.
"Despite its impressive performance, the efficiency of the Hilsch tube leaves much to be desired. This perhaps explains why no one has mathematically analyzed its operation. Indeed, there is still disagreement as to how it works.
"According to one explanation, the compressed air shoots around the spiral and forms a high-velocity vortex of air. Molecules of air at the outside of the vortex are slowed by friction with the wall of the spiral. Because these slow-moving molecules are subject to the rules of centrifugal force, they tend to fall toward the center of the vortex. The fast-moving molecules just inside the outer layer of the vortex transfer some of their energy to this layer by bombarding some of its slow-moving molecules and speeding them up. The net result of this process is the accumulation of slow-moving, low-energy molecules in the center of the whirling mass, and of high-energy, fast-moving molecules around the outside. In the thermodynamics of gases the terms 'high energy' and 'high velocity' mean 'high temperature.' So the vortex consists of a core of cold air surrounded by a rim of hot air.
"The difference between the temperature of the core and that of the rim is increased by a secondary effect which takes advantage of the fact that the temperature of a given quantity of gas at a given level of thermal energy is higher when the gas is confined in a small space than in a large one; accordingly when gas is allowed to expand, its temperature drops. In the case of the Hilsch tube the action of centrifugal force compresses the hot rim of gas into a compact mass which can escape only by flowing along the inner wall of the hot pipe in a compressed state, because its flow into the cold tube is blocked by the rim of the washer. The amount of the compression is determined by the adjustment of the stopcock at the end of the hot pipe. In contrast, the relatively cold inner core of the vortex, which is also considerably above atmospheric pressure, flows through the hole in the washer and drops to still lower temperature as it expands to atmospheric pressure obtaining inside the cold pipe.
Apparently the inefficiency of the Hilsch tube as a refrigerating device has barred its commercial application. Nonetheless amateurs who would like to have a means of attaining relatively low temperatures, and who do not have access to a supply of dry ice, may find the tube useful. It will deliver a blast of air 20 times colder than air which has been chilled by permitting it simply to expand through a Venturi tube from a high-pressure source. Thus the Hilsch tube could be used to quick-freeze tissues for microscopy, to chill photomultiplier tubes, or to operate diffusion cloud chambers. But quite apart from the tube's potential application, what could be more fun than to trap Maxwell's demon and make him explain in detail how he manages to blow hot and cold at the same time?"

From The Cejka Files

   

   

Telecommunications Free from Electric Smog!


  Telecommunications with standing gravitational waves (G-Com).pdf (Size: 203.24 KB / Downloads: 13)

AN inexpensive apparatus designed by Douglas A. Kohl of Osseo, Minn., for the detection of gravity waves traveling through the ionosphere


  Billows in the Ionosphere Are Tracked with Transistor Radios.pdf (Size: 5.54 MB / Downloads: 12)

All About Gravitational Waves - With Most Simple Detector
 
                          All About Gravitational Waves
                              by Gregory Hodowanec
                        Reproduced without permission from
                      Radio-Electronics magazine April 1986
                            by The Trace - June 1, 1991
      Abstract:
      Are gravitational waves  the  source of noise in electronic devices?
      The author believes so, and describes a simple circuit to detect the
      waves.
      The author has developed a new cosmology that predicts the existance
      of a new  type  of gravitational  signal.  We  are  publishing  the
      results of some of his experiments in the hope that  it  will  foter
      experimentation as well as alternate explanations for his results.
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      Einstein predicted the  existence of gravity waves - the counterpart
      of light and radio waves - many years  ago.  However,  he predicted
      the existence of  quadrature-type gravity waves.  Unfortunately,  no
      one has been able to detect quadrature-type gravity waves.
      Consequently, the author developed, over the years, a new cosmology,
      or theory of  the  universe,  in  which  monopole  gravity waves are
      predicted.  The author's theory does  not  preclude the existence of
      Einsteinian gravity waves,  but they are viewed as  being  extremely
      weak, very long  in  wavelength,  and  therefore  very  difficult to
      detect unequivocally.  Monopole  signals,  however,  are  relatively
      strong, so they are much more easily detected.
      Monopole gravity waves have been detected for many  years; it's just
      that we've been used to calling them 1/f "noise" signals or flicker
      noise.  Those noise signals can be seen in low-frequency electronic
      circuits.  More recently, such signals have been called Microwave
      Background Radiation (MBR);  most  scientists  believe  that to be a
      relic of the so-called "big bang" that created the universe.
      In the author's  cosmology, the  universe  is  considered  to  be  a
      finite, spherical, closed  system; in other words,  it  is  a  black
      body.
      Monopole gravity waves  "propagate"  any  distance  in  Planck time,
      which is about  10^-44  seconds;  hence,  their  effects  appear
      everywhere almost instantaneously.  The sum total of background flux
                                      Page 1
      in the universe gives rise to the observed microwave temperature, in
      our universe, of about three degrees kelvin.
      Sources of monopole  gravity  waves  include  common  astrophysical
      phenomena like supernovas,  novas,  starquakes,  etc.,  as  well  as
      earthly phenomena like  earthquakes,  core  movements,  etc.  Those
      sorts of cosmic  and  earthly  events  cause  delectable  temporary
      variations in the amount of gravitational-impule  radiation  present
      in the universe.
      Novas, especially supernovas (which are large exploding  stars), are
      very effective generators of oscillatory monopole gravity waves.
      Those signals have a Gaussian waveshape and a lifetime of only a few
      tens of milliseconds.  They  can  readily impart a portion of their
      energy to free particles like molecules, atoms, and electrons.
      The background flux, in general, is  fairly constant.  Variations in
      the backgrouns flux  are  caused  by  movements  of  large  mass
      concentrations like galaxies, super-galaxies, and black holes.
      These movements create gravitational "shadows," analogous to optical
      shadows.  When the  earth-moon-sun  alignment  is  just  right,  the
      gravtational shadow of a small, highly  concentrated mass -- a black
      hole, for example  -- can be detected and tracked  from  the  Earth.
      So, keeping those  facts  in  mind,  let's look at several practical
      methods of detecting gravitational energy.
      Electrons and Capacitors
      ------------------------
      As stated above, gravity-wave energy can be imparted to ordinary
      objects.  Of special interest to us  are the loosely-bound electrons
      in ordinary capacitors.  Perhaps you have wondered how a discharged
      high-valued electrolytic capacitor  (say 1000 uF at  35  volts)  can
      develop a charge  even  though it is disconnected from an electrical
      circuit.
      While some of  that  charging could  be  attributed  to  a  chemical
      reaction in the capacitor, I believe that much of it is caused by
      gravity-wave impulses bathing the capacitor at all  times.  And the
      means by which  gravity  waves transfer energy is similar to another
      means of energy transfer that is  well  known  to  readers of Radio-
      Electronics: the electric field.
      As shown in Fig. 1-a, the presence of a large mass  near  the plates
      of a capacitor  causes a polarized alignment of the molecules in the
      capacitor, as though an external DC voltage had been applied to the
      capacitor, as shown in Fig. 1-b.
      You can verify that yourself:
              Drop a  fully-discharged  1000-uF,  35-volt  electrolytic
              capacitor broadside on a hard surface from a height of
              two or three feet.
              Then measure the voltage across the capacitor  with  a  high-
              impedance voltmeter.
                                      Page 2
              You will  find  a  voltage  of  about  10 to 50 mV.  Drop the
              capacitor several times on opposite sides, don't let it
              bounce, and note how charge  builds  up to a saturation level
              that may be as high as one volt.
      In that experiment,  the  energy  of  free-fall  is  converted  to
      polarization energy in  the  capacitor.  The loosely-bound electrons
      are literally "jarred" into new polarization positions.
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      Vangard note...
          We must be careful before jumping  to  such  conclusions without
          regard for  the  more  natural  property  of the  piezo-electric
          effect.  Capacitor  construction  can  consist  of  a variety of
          materials, many of which include  a  metal  foil.  Note that all
          metal has a crystalline structure, therefore, all metals to some
          degree possess piezo-electric properties.
          The Piezo-electric property is most easily demonstrated  by  the
          use of  any  crystal,  most  commonly quartz.  When a crystal is
          subjected to  bursts of electrical  energy  occurring  at  sonic
          rates, the  crystal  will  convert  the electrical  energy  into
          mechanical movement  which then percusses the air at the rate of
          the electrical frequencies, i.e. a speaker.
          The inverse of this process can  be  used  to convert mechanical
          pressure into  electrical energy.  Any abrupt  mechanical  shock
          applied to  the  crystal  will  therefore produce electricity, a
          process Keely referred to as "shock excitation."
          In regard to the dropping of the capacitor to allow it to strike
          the floor, the question follows, is the striking on the floor in
          actuality converting the abrupt mechanical shock into electrical
          energy which then does not bleed off until discharged?
          If in fact the movement of a capacitor through space will induce
          a charge on the plates of the  capacitor,  then  we can see some
          interesting possibilities.  Most important of all  the direction
          towards a  free  energy  device  using  the  moving  plates of a
          capacitor.  Maybe this is the  secret  of the Testatika, the M-L
          convertor and others which use electrostatic chopping.
          A more  interesting experiment, indeed, a proof  of  the  claim,
          would be to spin one or more capacitors at various diameters and
          speeds and  monitor the developed voltage.  This could very well
          lead to some quantitative observations.
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      In a similar  manner,  gravitational  impulses  from  space  "jar"
      electrons into new polarization positions.
      Here's another experiment:
              Monitor a  group  of  similar  capacitors that  have  reached
              equilibrium conditions  while  being  bathed  by  normal
              background gravitational impulses.
              You'll observe that, over a period of time, the voltage
                                      Page 3
              across all those open-circuited capacitors will be equal, and
              that it will depend only on the average background flux at
              the time.  Temperature  should  be  kept  constant  for that
              experiment.
      I interpret those facts to mean that  a  capacitor develops a charge
      that reflects the  monopole  gravity-wave signals existing  at  that
      particular location in  the  universe.  So, although another device
      could be used, we will use a capacitor as the sensing element in the
      gravity-wave detectors described next.
      The simplest detector
      ---------------------
      Monopole gravity waves generate small  impulse  currents that may be
      coupled to an  op-amp configured as a current-to-voltage  converter,
      as shown in  Fig.  2.  The current-to-voltage converter is a nearly
      lossless current-measuring device.
      It gives an output voltage that is  proportional  to  the product of
      the input current  (which  can  be  in  the  picoampere  range)  and
      resistor R1.  Linearity  is  assured  because  the  non-DC-connected
      capacitor maintains the op-amp's input terminals at virtual ground.
      The detector's output may be coupled  to a high-impedance digital or
      analog voltmeter, an  audio  amplifier,  or  an  oscilloscope.    In
      addition, a chart  recorder  could  be  used to record the DC output
      over a period of time, thus providing a record of long-term "shadow-
      drift" effects.
      Resistor R2 and capacitor C2 protect  the  output  of  the  circuit;
      their values will depend on what you're driving.  To experiment, try
      a 1k resistor and a 0.1 uF capacitor.
      The output of  the detector (Eo) may appear in two forms,  depending
      on whether or  not  stabilizing  capacitor Cx is connected.  When it
      is, the output will be highly amplified  1/f noise signals, as shown
      in Fig. 3-a.
      Without Cx, the circuit becomes a "ringing" circuit  with  a slowly-
      decaying output that  has a resonant frequency of 500-600 Hz for the
      component values shown.  In that  configuration,  the  circuit  is a
      Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) circuit, as astrophysicists call it; it
      will now actually display the amplitude variations  (waveshapes)  of
      the passing gravitational-impulse bursts, as shown in Fig. 3-b.
      An interesting variation  on the detector may be built by increasing
      the value of sensing capacitor C1  to  about  1000-1600  uF.  After
      circuit stability is  achieved, the circuit will respond  to  almost
      all gravity-wave signals in the universe.  By listening carefully to
      the audio output  of  the  detector you can hear not only normal 1/f
      noise, but also many "musical" sounds  of  space,  as  well as other
      effects that will not be disclosed here.
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      Vangard note...
              Several years  earlier, Hodowanec was claiming  that  he  had
              actually made  contact  with  someone on the planet Mars.  He
              said the signals eventually evolved into intelligible
                                      Page 4
              patterns which  indicated  there was a decimated civilization
              still in existence on the planet.
              We have the papers and will  list them in the near future for
              those who might be interested...this is what  he refers to in
              the comment  "other  effects that will not be disclosed here"
              and was due to the national  nature  of the magazine in which
              the article was published.
              He says a cone of receptivity from or to Mars  was the reason
              that the  signals could only be detected at certain locations
              on either planet.  In other  words,  you must be in the right
              place at  the right time and with the right  equipment.  The
              signals essentially used modulated gravitational waves.
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      An improved detector
      --------------------
      Adding a buffer  stage  to  the  basic circuit, as shown in Fig.  4,
      makes the detector easier to work  with.  The  IC  used is a common
      1458 (which is a dual 741).  One op-amp is used as the detector, and
      the other op-amp multiplies the detector's output by a factor of 20.
      Potentiometer R3 is used to adjust the output to the desired level.
      When used unshielded,  the  circuits  presented here  are  not  only
      sensitive detectors of  gravitational  impulses,  but  also  of
      *electromagnetic* signals ranging from 50-500 GHz!  Hence, these
      circuits could be used to detect  many  types  of signals, including
      radar signals.
      To detect only  gravity  waves, and not EMI, the circuit  should  be
      shielded against all  electromagnetic  radiation.  Both circuits are
      low in cost and easy to build.  Assembly  is  non-critical, although
      proper wiring practices should be followed.
      Initially, you should  use the op-amps specified;  don't  experiment
      with other devices  until  you  attain satisfactory results with the
      devices called for.  Later you can experiment with other components,
      like low-power op-amps, especially  CMOS  types,  which  have diodes
      across their inputs to protect them against high input voltages.
      Those diodes make  them  much  less  sensitive  to  electromagnetic
      radiation, so circuits  that use those devices may be used to detect
      gravity-waves without shielding.
      The circuit in Fig. 4 is the QND or  ringing  type, but the feedback
      resistance is variable from 0.5 to 2 megohms.  That  allows  you  to
      tune the circuit to the natural oscillating frequency of different
      astrophysical events.
      Huge supernova bursts, for example, have much larger amplitudes, and
      much lower frequencies  of  oscillation  than  normal supernovas and
      novas.  Hence you can tune the detector for the supernova burst rate
      that interests you.  With the component values given in Fig.  4, the
      resonant frequency of the circuitcan  be  varied between 300-900 Hz.
      The circuit of Fig. 4, or a variant thereof, was used to obtain all
      the experimental data discussed below.
                                      Page 5
      In addition, the  circuits that we've described in this article were
      built in an aluminum chassis and then  located  within an additional
      steel box to  reduce  pickup  of  stray  EMI.  Power  and  output
      connections were made through filter-type feedthrough capacitors.
      In the QND  mode,  coupling  the  detector's  output  to  an  audio
      amplifier and an  oscilloscope  gives  impressive  sound  and  sight
      effects.
      Fluctuations generally reflect passing gravitational  shadows.  The
      author has taken  much  data  of  the  sort  to  be discussed; let's
      examine a few samples of that data  to  indicate the kind of results
      you can expect, and ways of interpreting those results.
      Sample scans
      ------------
      Shown in Fig.  5 is an unusual structure that was  repeated  exactly
      the next day,  but  four  minutes earlier.  The pattern was followed
      for several weeks, moving four minutes earlier per day.
      That confirms the  observation  that  the  burst  response  of  the
      detector was related to our location on earth with  respect  to  the
      rest of the  universe.    The  change  of  four  minutes  per  day
      corresponds with the relative movements  of  the  earth and the body
      that was casting the "shadow."
      The plot of Fig. 6 appears to be a supernova, probably  in  our  own
      galaxy, caught in the act of exploding.  The plot of Fig. 7 was made
      four days after  another supernova explosion; that plot reveals that
      that supernova left  a  well-developed  black  hole  and  "ring"
      structure.
      You may find it interesting to consider that visual  indications  of
      those supernovas will  not  be  seen for several thousand years!  As
      such, it might  be  "quite  a  while"  before  we  get  a  visual
      confirmation of our suspected supernova!
      Last, Fig. 8 shows a plot of the moon's gravitational  shadow during
      the eclipse of  May  30,  1984.  Note that the gravitational shadow
      preceded the optical shadow by about eight minutes!
      That gives credence  to  our  claim  that  gravitational  effects
      propagate instantaneously.  Relatedly, but not shown  here,  a  deep
      shadow is consistently  detected  whenever  the center of the galaxy
      appears on the meridian (180 degrees)  hinting of the existence of a
      "black hole" in that region.
      Conclusions
      -----------
      In this article we discussed the highlights of a new  theory  of the
      universe that predicts the existence of monopole gravity waves.  We
      then presented details  of  a  circuit  that  can  be used to detect
      monopole gravity waves.
      The author has monitored those signals for ten years so is confident
      that you will be able to duplicate  those results.  Needless to say,
      the subject of gravity waves is a largely unexplored  one, and there
      is much yet to be learned.
                                      Page 6
      Perhaps this article  will  inspire  you  to  contribute  to  that
      knowledge.  In your  experiments,  you  might  consider  trying  the
      following: Operate several detector circuits at the  same  time  and
      record the results.
      Separate the detectors  --  even  by  many  miles --and record their
      outputs.  In such experiments, the  author  found that the circuits'
      outputs were very similar.  Those results would seem  to  count  out
      local EMI or pure random noise as the cause of the circuit response.
      For more information  on  the  subject  of gravity you might consult
      _Gravitation_ by C. Misner, K. Thorne,  and J. Wheeler, published by
      W.H.  Freeman and  Co.,  1973.  Also,  the article,  "Quantum  Non-
      Demolition Measurements" in  _Science_,  Volume  209,  August 1 1980
      contains useful information on the  QND  type  of  measurement  used
      here.
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      Sidebar: Rhysmonic Cosmology
      Ancient and Renaissance physicists postulated the  existence  of  an
      all-pervasive medium they  called  the _ether_.  Since the advent of
      sub-atomic physics and relativity, theories of the ether have fallen
      into disuse.
      Rhysmonic cosmology postulates the  existence of rhysmons, which are
      the fundamental particles of nature, and which pervade the universe,
      as does the ether.
      Each rhysmon has  the  attributes  of  size,  shape,  position,  and
      velocity; rhysmons are arranged in space in a matrix structure, the
      density of which varies according to position in the universe.
      The matrix structure  of  rhysmons  in  free space gives rise to the
      fundamental units of length, time,  velocity, mass, volume, density,
      and energy discovered by physicist Max Planck.
      Fundamental postulates of the Rhysmonic Universe can  be  summarized
      as follows:
              o The universe is finite and spherical
              o Euclidean  geometry  is  sufficient  to describe Rhysmonic
                Space.
              o The edge of the universe is a perfect reflector of energy.
              o Matter forms only in the central portion of the universe.
      The matrix structure  of  rhysmons    allows  the  instantaneous
      transmission of energy  along  a  straight  line, called  an  energy
      vector, from the  point of origin to the edge of the universe, where
      it would be reflected according  to  laws  similar  those  giverning
      spherical optics.
      In Rhysmonic Cosmology,  mass, inertia, and energy  are  treated  as
      they are in  classical  mechanics.  Mass  arises,  according to the
      author, because "particles in rhysmonic cosmology must be the result
      of changes in the `density' of the  rhysmonic  structure,  since the
      universe is nothing more than rhysmons and the void."
      In a "dense" area of the universe, such as the core of a particle, a
      number of rhysmons are squeezed togther.  This means that every
                                      Page 7
      particle has a    correlating  anti-particle,  or  an  area  of
      correspondingly low density.  In addition,  a particle has an excess
      of outward-directed energy  vectors,  and  an anti-particle  has  an
      excess of inward-directed energy vectors.  Those vectors are what we
      usually call electric charge.
      Gravity is not  a  force  of attraction between objects; rather, two
      objects are impelled towards each  other by energy vectors impinging
      on the surfaces of those objects that do not face each other.
      Netwon's laws of  gravitation  hold,  although their  derivation  is
      different than in Newton's system.
      Gravitational waves arise  in various ways, but, in general, a large
      astronomical disturbance, such as  the  explosion  of  a  supernova,
      instantaneously modulates the  rhysmonic  energy  vectors.    That
      modulation might then  appear,  for  example,  superimposed  on  the
      Earth's gravitaional-field flux --  and  it  would  be detectable by
      circuits like those described here.
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      Diagrams
      --------
                                        Fig. 2  -  A  Basic  gravity-wave
                                        detector is very simple.  The
        - - - - )| - - - -- - - - -.    charge build-up on capacitor C1
        .    Cx 470pF            .    is due to gravity-wave impulses
        .                          .    amplified by IC1 for output.
        .                          .
        .                          .
        .    R1 1.3M              .        R2 see text
        o----v^v^v^----------------o  -----v^v^v^------------------O DC
        |                          |  |                            Output
        |            ^            |  |
        |          _  | +9V        |  |
        |        2| \_|7          |  |
        o---------|  \_          |  |
      _|_        |IC1  \_ 6      |  |    C2 see text
      ___ C1    | 741  _>--------o---o-----|(---------------------O Audio
        |  .22  3|    _/                                            Output
        o---------|  _/4
        |        |_/ |
        |            v -9V
        |
        |-----------------------------------------------------------O Gnd
                                      Page 8
                                                                      O   
            Output
            R1 500K    R2 1.5M          R5 100K                    |
        -----^v^v^v------^v^v^v--    |----^v^v^v----------------------o
        |                  ^  |    |                                |
        |                  |  |    |                                |
        |          _        |___|    |      _    ^ +9V              |
        |        2| \_          |    |    6| \_  |                  |
        o---------|  \_        |    o------|  \_|8                  |
      _|_C1      |IC1-a\_ 1    |    >R4    |IC1-b\_  7              |
      ___ .22    |1/2  _>-----o    >5K    |1/2  _>-----------------|
        |        3|1458_/      |    >    5|1458_/
        o---------|  _/      R3>    |  |---|  _/ |4
        |        |_/        10K><---|  |  |_/  |
        |                      >      |        v -9V
        |                      |      |
        |-----------------------o-------o-----------------------------O Gnd
      Fig. 4 -- A buffered output stage  makes  the  gravity-wave detector
                easier to use.
      Parts List - Simple Detector      Parts List - Buffered Detector
      All resistors 1/4-watt, 5%.        All fixed resistors 1/4-watt, 5%.
      R1 - 1.3 megohm                    R1 - 500,000 ohms
      R2 - see text                      R2 - 1.5 megohms, potentiometer
      Capacitors                        R3 - 10,000 ohms, potentiometer
      C1 - 0.22 uF                      R4 - 5000 ohms
      C2 - see text                      R5 - 100,000 ohms
      Cx - see text                      Capacitors
      Semiconductors                    C1 - 0.22 uF
      IC1 - 741 op-amp                  Semiconductors
                                          IC1 - 1458 dual op-amp
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
        If you have comments or other information relating  to such topics
        as  this  paper covers,  please  upload to KeelyNet or send to the
          Vangard  Sciences  address  as  listed  on the  first  page.
              Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
          Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
                            Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet

SIMPLE TIME-DISTORTION DETECTOR

Several inventions in the realm of alternative science have claimed to distort local space-time, affecting either the speed of light or the flow of time. Detecting these anomalies is nontrivial, but there are a few proposed methods. Optical distortions could be observed through the use of Schlieren or Foucault mirror test systems, while deflections in a laser beam can be identified using an "optical lever." However, these methods may not be sensitive enough to capture extremely subtle effects.

Here’s an alternative yet sensitive approach: Construct two crystal oscillators. Utilize one as a reference and the other as a probe. Beat their outputs together and monitor the difference frequency, either through instrumentation or even by ear. Place the reference oscillator at a significant distance and use the probe to examine the area around a device suspected to produce time anomalies. Any local changes in time would manifest as fluctuations in the beat frequency.

A rudimentary version of this apparatus using a CD4049 CMOS inverter and 32KHz digital watch crystals. I discovered that power supply coupling caused phase-locking between the oscillators, an issue mitigated by using independent power supplies and buffer stages.

Frequency synchronization can be achieved by altering the power supply voltage or adjusting the bias point of the CMOS inverter's input pin. Note that these crystals are temperature-sensitive, so temperature stabilization measures such as "crystal ovens" are advisable for a robust setup.

Subsequent experiments with 30MHz 5-volt oscillators revealed more stable behavior, although temperature compensation was still needed. Multiple display methods were explored, ranging from oscilloscopic visualizations to direct frequency measurements using commercial frequency counters.

Let's delve into the construction details.

Crystal Oscillators

Use a CD4049 CMOS inverter IC for each oscillator. This chip will form the heart of your oscillator.
Connect a 32KHz digital watch crystal between the input and output pins of one of the inverters in the CD4049. This forms a simple oscillator circuit.
Use a capacitor (say, 22pF) on either side of the crystal to ground to improve the stability.
Power the IC using an LM78L05 voltage regulator to give a stable 5V power supply. Use separate regulators for each oscillator to minimize interference.

Buffering and Isolation

To eliminate phase-lock between the oscillators, use a buffering stage, perhaps another inverter from the CD4049, connected to the output of the oscillator.
Use separate power supplies for each oscillator to minimize coupling. Isolate the ground lines as much as possible.

Frequency Synchronization

To fine-tune the oscillators, you can use LM317 adjustable regulators. Connect them to the VCC pin of the CD4049 and adjust the voltage to slightly alter the frequency.

Temperature Compensation

House each oscillator circuit, including the CD4049 IC and the crystal, inside a small metal can.
Add a PTC thermistor within each can. The thermistor will act as a rudimentary "oven," stabilizing the temperature.

Output Analysis

You can use a simple mixer circuit to combine the outputs and listen to the difference or "beat" frequency.
Alternatively, use an oscilloscope to visually monitor the oscillators. Trigger the oscilloscope with one oscillator and display the output of the other.

Optional Enhancements

For even better results, you may opt for 30MHz 5-volt oscillators that come in shielded cans. These oscillators usually include buffering and some power supply regulation internally.
As we tread these less-traveled paths of scientific exploration, let's not forget the minutiae. They may very well hold the key to unlocking the secrets we seek.

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