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All About Gravitational Waves - With Most Simple Detector
All About Gravitational Waves
by Gregory Hodowanec
Reproduced without permission from
Radio-Electronics magazine April 1986
by The Trace - June 1, 1991
Abstract:
Are gravitational waves the source of noise in electronic devices?
The author believes so, and describes a simple circuit to detect the
waves.
The author has developed a new cosmology that predicts the existance
of a new type of gravitational signal. We are publishing the
results of some of his experiments in the hope that it will foter
experimentation as well as alternate explanations for his results.
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Einstein predicted the existence of gravity waves - the counterpart
of light and radio waves - many years ago. However, he predicted
the existence of quadrature-type gravity waves. Unfortunately, no
one has been able to detect quadrature-type gravity waves.
Consequently, the author developed, over the years, a new cosmology,
or theory of the universe, in which monopole gravity waves are
predicted. The author's theory does not preclude the existence of
Einsteinian gravity waves, but they are viewed as being extremely
weak, very long in wavelength, and therefore very difficult to
detect unequivocally. Monopole signals, however, are relatively
strong, so they are much more easily detected.
Monopole gravity waves have been detected for many years; it's just
that we've been used to calling them 1/f "noise" signals or flicker
noise. Those noise signals can be seen in low-frequency electronic
circuits. More recently, such signals have been called Microwave
Background Radiation (MBR); most scientists believe that to be a
relic of the so-called "big bang" that created the universe.
In the author's cosmology, the universe is considered to be a
finite, spherical, closed system; in other words, it is a black
body.
Monopole gravity waves "propagate" any distance in Planck time,
which is about 10^-44 seconds; hence, their effects appear
everywhere almost instantaneously. The sum total of background flux
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in the universe gives rise to the observed microwave temperature, in
our universe, of about three degrees kelvin.
Sources of monopole gravity waves include common astrophysical
phenomena like supernovas, novas, starquakes, etc., as well as
earthly phenomena like earthquakes, core movements, etc. Those
sorts of cosmic and earthly events cause delectable temporary
variations in the amount of gravitational-impule radiation present
in the universe.
Novas, especially supernovas (which are large exploding stars), are
very effective generators of oscillatory monopole gravity waves.
Those signals have a Gaussian waveshape and a lifetime of only a few
tens of milliseconds. They can readily impart a portion of their
energy to free particles like molecules, atoms, and electrons.
The background flux, in general, is fairly constant. Variations in
the backgrouns flux are caused by movements of large mass
concentrations like galaxies, super-galaxies, and black holes.
These movements create gravitational "shadows," analogous to optical
shadows. When the earth-moon-sun alignment is just right, the
gravtational shadow of a small, highly concentrated mass -- a black
hole, for example -- can be detected and tracked from the Earth.
So, keeping those facts in mind, let's look at several practical
methods of detecting gravitational energy.
Electrons and Capacitors
------------------------
As stated above, gravity-wave energy can be imparted to ordinary
objects. Of special interest to us are the loosely-bound electrons
in ordinary capacitors. Perhaps you have wondered how a discharged
high-valued electrolytic capacitor (say 1000 uF at 35 volts) can
develop a charge even though it is disconnected from an electrical
circuit.
While some of that charging could be attributed to a chemical
reaction in the capacitor, I believe that much of it is caused by
gravity-wave impulses bathing the capacitor at all times. And the
means by which gravity waves transfer energy is similar to another
means of energy transfer that is well known to readers of Radio-
Electronics: the electric field.
As shown in Fig. 1-a, the presence of a large mass near the plates
of a capacitor causes a polarized alignment of the molecules in the
capacitor, as though an external DC voltage had been applied to the
capacitor, as shown in Fig. 1-b.
You can verify that yourself:
Drop a fully-discharged 1000-uF, 35-volt electrolytic
capacitor broadside on a hard surface from a height of
two or three feet.
Then measure the voltage across the capacitor with a high-
impedance voltmeter.
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You will find a voltage of about 10 to 50 mV. Drop the
capacitor several times on opposite sides, don't let it
bounce, and note how charge builds up to a saturation level
that may be as high as one volt.
In that experiment, the energy of free-fall is converted to
polarization energy in the capacitor. The loosely-bound electrons
are literally "jarred" into new polarization positions.
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Vangard note...
We must be careful before jumping to such conclusions without
regard for the more natural property of the piezo-electric
effect. Capacitor construction can consist of a variety of
materials, many of which include a metal foil. Note that all
metal has a crystalline structure, therefore, all metals to some
degree possess piezo-electric properties.
The Piezo-electric property is most easily demonstrated by the
use of any crystal, most commonly quartz. When a crystal is
subjected to bursts of electrical energy occurring at sonic
rates, the crystal will convert the electrical energy into
mechanical movement which then percusses the air at the rate of
the electrical frequencies, i.e. a speaker.
The inverse of this process can be used to convert mechanical
pressure into electrical energy. Any abrupt mechanical shock
applied to the crystal will therefore produce electricity, a
process Keely referred to as "shock excitation."
In regard to the dropping of the capacitor to allow it to strike
the floor, the question follows, is the striking on the floor in
actuality converting the abrupt mechanical shock into electrical
energy which then does not bleed off until discharged?
If in fact the movement of a capacitor through space will induce
a charge on the plates of the capacitor, then we can see some
interesting possibilities. Most important of all the direction
towards a free energy device using the moving plates of a
capacitor. Maybe this is the secret of the Testatika, the M-L
convertor and others which use electrostatic chopping.
A more interesting experiment, indeed, a proof of the claim,
would be to spin one or more capacitors at various diameters and
speeds and monitor the developed voltage. This could very well
lead to some quantitative observations.
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In a similar manner, gravitational impulses from space "jar"
electrons into new polarization positions.
Here's another experiment:
Monitor a group of similar capacitors that have reached
equilibrium conditions while being bathed by normal
background gravitational impulses.
You'll observe that, over a period of time, the voltage
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across all those open-circuited capacitors will be equal, and
that it will depend only on the average background flux at
the time. Temperature should be kept constant for that
experiment.
I interpret those facts to mean that a capacitor develops a charge
that reflects the monopole gravity-wave signals existing at that
particular location in the universe. So, although another device
could be used, we will use a capacitor as the sensing element in the
gravity-wave detectors described next.
The simplest detector
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Monopole gravity waves generate small impulse currents that may be
coupled to an op-amp configured as a current-to-voltage converter,
as shown in Fig. 2. The current-to-voltage converter is a nearly
lossless current-measuring device.
It gives an output voltage that is proportional to the product of
the input current (which can be in the picoampere range) and
resistor R1. Linearity is assured because the non-DC-connected
capacitor maintains the op-amp's input terminals at virtual ground.
The detector's output may be coupled to a high-impedance digital or
analog voltmeter, an audio amplifier, or an oscilloscope. In
addition, a chart recorder could be used to record the DC output
over a period of time, thus providing a record of long-term "shadow-
drift" effects.
Resistor R2 and capacitor C2 protect the output of the circuit;
their values will depend on what you're driving. To experiment, try
a 1k resistor and a 0.1 uF capacitor.
The output of the detector (Eo) may appear in two forms, depending
on whether or not stabilizing capacitor Cx is connected. When it
is, the output will be highly amplified 1/f noise signals, as shown
in Fig. 3-a.
Without Cx, the circuit becomes a "ringing" circuit with a slowly-
decaying output that has a resonant frequency of 500-600 Hz for the
component values shown. In that configuration, the circuit is a
Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) circuit, as astrophysicists call it; it
will now actually display the amplitude variations (waveshapes) of
the passing gravitational-impulse bursts, as shown in Fig. 3-b.
An interesting variation on the detector may be built by increasing
the value of sensing capacitor C1 to about 1000-1600 uF. After
circuit stability is achieved, the circuit will respond to almost
all gravity-wave signals in the universe. By listening carefully to
the audio output of the detector you can hear not only normal 1/f
noise, but also many "musical" sounds of space, as well as other
effects that will not be disclosed here.
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Vangard note...
Several years earlier, Hodowanec was claiming that he had
actually made contact with someone on the planet Mars. He
said the signals eventually evolved into intelligible
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patterns which indicated there was a decimated civilization
still in existence on the planet.
We have the papers and will list them in the near future for
those who might be interested...this is what he refers to in
the comment "other effects that will not be disclosed here"
and was due to the national nature of the magazine in which
the article was published.
He says a cone of receptivity from or to Mars was the reason
that the signals could only be detected at certain locations
on either planet. In other words, you must be in the right
place at the right time and with the right equipment. The
signals essentially used modulated gravitational waves.
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An improved detector
--------------------
Adding a buffer stage to the basic circuit, as shown in Fig. 4,
makes the detector easier to work with. The IC used is a common
1458 (which is a dual 741). One op-amp is used as the detector, and
the other op-amp multiplies the detector's output by a factor of 20.
Potentiometer R3 is used to adjust the output to the desired level.
When used unshielded, the circuits presented here are not only
sensitive detectors of gravitational impulses, but also of
*electromagnetic* signals ranging from 50-500 GHz! Hence, these
circuits could be used to detect many types of signals, including
radar signals.
To detect only gravity waves, and not EMI, the circuit should be
shielded against all electromagnetic radiation. Both circuits are
low in cost and easy to build. Assembly is non-critical, although
proper wiring practices should be followed.
Initially, you should use the op-amps specified; don't experiment
with other devices until you attain satisfactory results with the
devices called for. Later you can experiment with other components,
like low-power op-amps, especially CMOS types, which have diodes
across their inputs to protect them against high input voltages.
Those diodes make them much less sensitive to electromagnetic
radiation, so circuits that use those devices may be used to detect
gravity-waves without shielding.
The circuit in Fig. 4 is the QND or ringing type, but the feedback
resistance is variable from 0.5 to 2 megohms. That allows you to
tune the circuit to the natural oscillating frequency of different
astrophysical events.
Huge supernova bursts, for example, have much larger amplitudes, and
much lower frequencies of oscillation than normal supernovas and
novas. Hence you can tune the detector for the supernova burst rate
that interests you. With the component values given in Fig. 4, the
resonant frequency of the circuitcan be varied between 300-900 Hz.
The circuit of Fig. 4, or a variant thereof, was used to obtain all
the experimental data discussed below.
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In addition, the circuits that we've described in this article were
built in an aluminum chassis and then located within an additional
steel box to reduce pickup of stray EMI. Power and output
connections were made through filter-type feedthrough capacitors.
In the QND mode, coupling the detector's output to an audio
amplifier and an oscilloscope gives impressive sound and sight
effects.
Fluctuations generally reflect passing gravitational shadows. The
author has taken much data of the sort to be discussed; let's
examine a few samples of that data to indicate the kind of results
you can expect, and ways of interpreting those results.
Sample scans
------------
Shown in Fig. 5 is an unusual structure that was repeated exactly
the next day, but four minutes earlier. The pattern was followed
for several weeks, moving four minutes earlier per day.
That confirms the observation that the burst response of the
detector was related to our location on earth with respect to the
rest of the universe. The change of four minutes per day
corresponds with the relative movements of the earth and the body
that was casting the "shadow."
The plot of Fig. 6 appears to be a supernova, probably in our own
galaxy, caught in the act of exploding. The plot of Fig. 7 was made
four days after another supernova explosion; that plot reveals that
that supernova left a well-developed black hole and "ring"
structure.
You may find it interesting to consider that visual indications of
those supernovas will not be seen for several thousand years! As
such, it might be "quite a while" before we get a visual
confirmation of our suspected supernova!
Last, Fig. 8 shows a plot of the moon's gravitational shadow during
the eclipse of May 30, 1984. Note that the gravitational shadow
preceded the optical shadow by about eight minutes!
That gives credence to our claim that gravitational effects
propagate instantaneously. Relatedly, but not shown here, a deep
shadow is consistently detected whenever the center of the galaxy
appears on the meridian (180 degrees) hinting of the existence of a
"black hole" in that region.
Conclusions
-----------
In this article we discussed the highlights of a new theory of the
universe that predicts the existence of monopole gravity waves. We
then presented details of a circuit that can be used to detect
monopole gravity waves.
The author has monitored those signals for ten years so is confident
that you will be able to duplicate those results. Needless to say,
the subject of gravity waves is a largely unexplored one, and there
is much yet to be learned.
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Perhaps this article will inspire you to contribute to that
knowledge. In your experiments, you might consider trying the
following: Operate several detector circuits at the same time and
record the results.
Separate the detectors -- even by many miles --and record their
outputs. In such experiments, the author found that the circuits'
outputs were very similar. Those results would seem to count out
local EMI or pure random noise as the cause of the circuit response.
For more information on the subject of gravity you might consult
_Gravitation_ by C. Misner, K. Thorne, and J. Wheeler, published by
W.H. Freeman and Co., 1973. Also, the article, "Quantum Non-
Demolition Measurements" in _Science_, Volume 209, August 1 1980
contains useful information on the QND type of measurement used
here.
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Sidebar: Rhysmonic Cosmology
Ancient and Renaissance physicists postulated the existence of an
all-pervasive medium they called the _ether_. Since the advent of
sub-atomic physics and relativity, theories of the ether have fallen
into disuse.
Rhysmonic cosmology postulates the existence of rhysmons, which are
the fundamental particles of nature, and which pervade the universe,
as does the ether.
Each rhysmon has the attributes of size, shape, position, and
velocity; rhysmons are arranged in space in a matrix structure, the
density of which varies according to position in the universe.
The matrix structure of rhysmons in free space gives rise to the
fundamental units of length, time, velocity, mass, volume, density,
and energy discovered by physicist Max Planck.
Fundamental postulates of the Rhysmonic Universe can be summarized
as follows:
o The universe is finite and spherical
o Euclidean geometry is sufficient to describe Rhysmonic
Space.
o The edge of the universe is a perfect reflector of energy.
o Matter forms only in the central portion of the universe.
The matrix structure of rhysmons allows the instantaneous
transmission of energy along a straight line, called an energy
vector, from the point of origin to the edge of the universe, where
it would be reflected according to laws similar those giverning
spherical optics.
In Rhysmonic Cosmology, mass, inertia, and energy are treated as
they are in classical mechanics. Mass arises, according to the
author, because "particles in rhysmonic cosmology must be the result
of changes in the `density' of the rhysmonic structure, since the
universe is nothing more than rhysmons and the void."
In a "dense" area of the universe, such as the core of a particle, a
number of rhysmons are squeezed togther. This means that every
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particle has a correlating anti-particle, or an area of
correspondingly low density. In addition, a particle has an excess
of outward-directed energy vectors, and an anti-particle has an
excess of inward-directed energy vectors. Those vectors are what we
usually call electric charge.
Gravity is not a force of attraction between objects; rather, two
objects are impelled towards each other by energy vectors impinging
on the surfaces of those objects that do not face each other.
Netwon's laws of gravitation hold, although their derivation is
different than in Newton's system.
Gravitational waves arise in various ways, but, in general, a large
astronomical disturbance, such as the explosion of a supernova,
instantaneously modulates the rhysmonic energy vectors. That
modulation might then appear, for example, superimposed on the
Earth's gravitaional-field flux -- and it would be detectable by
circuits like those described here.
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Diagrams
--------
Fig. 2 - A Basic gravity-wave
detector is very simple. The
- - - - )| - - - -- - - - -. charge build-up on capacitor C1
. Cx 470pF . is due to gravity-wave impulses
. . amplified by IC1 for output.
. .
. .
. R1 1.3M . R2 see text
o----v^v^v^----------------o -----v^v^v^------------------O DC
| | | Output
| ^ | |
| _ | +9V | |
| 2| \_|7 | |
o---------| \_ | |
_|_ |IC1 \_ 6 | | C2 see text
___ C1 | 741 _>--------o---o-----|(---------------------O Audio
| .22 3| _/ Output
o---------| _/4
| |_/ |
| v -9V
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------O Gnd
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O
Output
R1 500K R2 1.5M R5 100K |
-----^v^v^v------^v^v^v-- |----^v^v^v----------------------o
| ^ | | |
| | | | |
| _ |___| | _ ^ +9V |
| 2| \_ | | 6| \_ | |
o---------| \_ | o------| \_|8 |
_|_C1 |IC1-a\_ 1 | >R4 |IC1-b\_ 7 |
___ .22 |1/2 _>-----o >5K |1/2 _>-----------------|
| 3|1458_/ | > 5|1458_/
o---------| _/ R3> | |---| _/ |4
| |_/ 10K><---| | |_/ |
| > | v -9V
| | |
|-----------------------o-------o-----------------------------O Gnd
Fig. 4 -- A buffered output stage makes the gravity-wave detector
easier to use.
Parts List - Simple Detector Parts List - Buffered Detector
All resistors 1/4-watt, 5%. All fixed resistors 1/4-watt, 5%.
R1 - 1.3 megohm R1 - 500,000 ohms
R2 - see text R2 - 1.5 megohms, potentiometer
Capacitors R3 - 10,000 ohms, potentiometer
C1 - 0.22 uF R4 - 5000 ohms
C2 - see text R5 - 100,000 ohms
Cx - see text Capacitors
Semiconductors C1 - 0.22 uF
IC1 - 741 op-amp Semiconductors
IC1 - 1458 dual op-amp
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If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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