James Clerk Maxwell FRSE FRS (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a renowned Scottish physicist whose work spanned a wide array of scientific domains. He is most celebrated for formulating the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, unifying electricity, magnetism, and light as varied manifestations of the same fundamental phenomenon. This pivotal concept, encapsulated in Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism, represents one of the paramount unifications in physics, second only to the work of Isaac Newton.

In 1865, through his seminal work “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”, Maxwell posited that electric and magnetic fields propagate as waves at the speed of light. He further suggested that light itself is a wave within the same medium responsible for electrical and magnetic occurrences. This groundbreaking synthesis of light and electric phenomena paved the way for his prediction of radio waves. Maxwell's work also laid the cornerstone for the burgeoning field of electrical engineering.

In addition to his electromagnetic contributions, Maxwell played a key role in formulating the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, elucidating the kinetic theory of gases using statistical methods. Notably, in 1861, he introduced the world to the first long-lasting colour photograph and also made substantial contributions to the analysis of the sturdiness of trusses, akin to those employed in numerous bridges.

His pioneering work set the stage for modern physics, establishing the groundwork for revolutionary domains like special relativity and quantum mechanics. Many in the scientific community view Maxwell as the 19th-century luminary whose influence on 20th-century physics was unparalleled. His scientific contributions stand shoulder to shoulder with giants like Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. A millennium poll, surveying distinguished physicists, placed Maxwell as the third all-time greatest physicist, following only Newton and Einstein. Marking the 100th anniversary of Maxwell's birth, Einstein paid homage to his predecessor, describing his contributions as the most transformative in physics since Newton's era. During a 1922 visit to the University of Cambridge, when Einstein was commended for building on Newton's legacy, he humbly responded, “No I don't. I stand on the shoulders of Maxwell.”